EVEN IF/ONLY IF/UNLESS:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv122.shtml
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/9-7.html
http://esl.about.com/od/grammaradvanced/a/adverb_clauses_3.htm
Showing posts with label Grammar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Grammar. Show all posts
Wednesday, August 1, 2012
IntUppD: Used To vs. Would
USED
TO/WOULD
Adapted from Michael Swan’s Practical English Usage
Used to= past habits and
states which are now finished
I used to eat McDonald’s for lunch every
day.
-refers to things that happened
at an earlier stage of one’s life and are now finished. The situation has now
changed. Used to is not used to say what happened at a past time, how long
it took or how many times it happened.
NOT I used to work very hard last month. I worked very hard last month
NOT I used to live in California for three years. I lived
in California for three years
NOT I used to go to Spain
three times last year. I went to Spain three times last year.
Would = regularly
repeated actions in the past, in the same way as used to
When we were young, we would/used to go skating every winter.
When I was a baby, my mother would/used to sing me to sleep.
*BUT only used to can refer
to past states
I used to have a lot of model cars. NOT I would have a lot of model cars.
He used to be really skinny. NOT He would be really skinny.
*we use used to NOT would to talk about regular and
important habitual behaviour
Roberto used to play a lot of
tennis. NOT Roberto would play a lot of tennis.
He used to smoke. NOT
He would smoke.
UppInt A: Wishes/Regrets-Notes
WISHES/REGRETS
WISH + Simple Past/Past continuous/could/would
– Wish for the present/future (want to change a situation)
-I wish I had more
free time (don’t)
-I wish I could buy a
car (I don’t have enough $)
-I wish it would stop
raining in Vancouver
-I wish I were
sleeping right now instead of learning grammar.
WISH + Past perfect (had + past participle) –
regret about the past
I wish I hadn’t drunk
so much last night = I regret drinking so much last night
I wish I had been able
to go outside yesterday .
Mixed Conditional: If
I hadn’t drunk so much last night, I wouldn’t have a hangover now.
If only – strong wish or regret (emphasis) -
often used without a result clause
If only I hadn’t drunk
so much last night!
If only I had more
money!
Monday, July 30, 2012
UppInt A: Conditionals!
EXTRA CONDITIONALS PRACTICE
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.html
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-an-introduction.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/conditionsum.html
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.html
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-an-introduction.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/conditionsum.html
Meaning of the “If clause”
|
Verb Form in the “If clause”
|
Verb Form in the “Result Clause”
|
Examples
|
0 Conditional
(FACTUAL): Always true in the present
|
Simple present
|
Simple present
|
If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week.
|
1st Conditional (FUTURE): True in the future
|
Simple present
|
Will/be going to
|
If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my
parents.
|
2nd Conditional (HYPOTHETICAL): Untrue in the present/future
|
Simple past
|
Would + base form
|
If I had enough time now, I would write to my parents.
|
3rd Conditional (HYPOTHETICAL IN THE PAST):
Untrue in the past
|
Past perfect
|
Would have + past participle
|
If I had had enough time, I would have written to my
parents yesterday.
|
Mixed Conditional
(HYPOTHETICAL PRESENT as a result of HYPOTHETICAL PAST):
Untrue in the past/present
|
Past perfect (PAST)
Simple past (PRESENT)
|
Would + base form
Would + be + ING
(PRESENT)
Would + have + past participle
(PAST)
|
If I had finished all my work, I would be writing to my
parents now.
If I hadn’t drunk that last beer, I wouldn’t be hungover
now.
If I spoke Spanish, I would have gotten the job.
|
Tuesday, July 24, 2012
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
Thursday, July 12, 2012
Wednesday, July 11, 2012
Monday, July 9, 2012
Thursday, July 5, 2012
UppInt A: Perfect Tenses
PERFECT TENSES (SIMPLE + CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE)
USE: To talk about two points in time & their relationship to each other
A) linked to a later
event B) finished by a
certain time
PRESENT PERFECT (PAST+
PRESENT) (HAS/HAVE + P.P.)
1. Started in the past + continues till now
(unfinished)
I have been living in Vancouver for 6 months.
I’ve known him since 1997.
2. Non-specific past (finished)
Have you ever been to a Korean restaurant?
She’s lived in over 7 countries.
*Often used with never/ever for added emphasis. I’ve never eaten dog before.
*Do not use with a specific time e.g. yesterday/last week (use simple past)
3. Recent past has a result on the present
(finished)
What have you done to your hair?
I’ve lost my passport.
Obama has been elected.
*Often used when reporting news to make news more EXCITING! RELEVANT! CURRENT!
*Often used with these words Just/already/yet: I’ve just finished.
I’ve already finished.
I haven’t spoken to her yet.
PAST PERFECT (PAST + PAST) (HAD + P.P.): completed before another action in the
past
*use only if it is
important to compare/order events in the past
Sam had taken off when Ann got
there.
Before coming to Vancouver, I had
not heard of Stanley Park.
She wanted to go to the aquarium
but we’d already been there.
*When before/after is
used in a sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time
relationship is clear and simple past may be used
SAME: After the guests had left, I went to
bed.
After the guests left, I went to bed.
*Other grammar areas which use the past perfect structure
Reported speech: He told me he had eaten dinner already.
3rd Conditional (Unreal past): If I had known, I wouldn’t
have gotten takeout.
"Wish": (Regret) I wish I had gone to the party.
FUTURE PERFECT (FUTURE+FUTURE)( WILL HAVE +
P.P.) : Will be completed at a
certain point in the future
*Use with By: By that time, by this time next week, by the
end of 2013, By the end of the day etc.
By June, I will have graduated
from university.
By the end of August, I will have
been living in Vancouver for 2 months.
***FOR/SINCE: often used with
perfect tenses
I’ve been a university grad since
2010. (Emphasizes duration)
I’ve been a university grad for 2
years. (Emphasize beginning/start)
Wednesday, July 4, 2012
UppInt A: REMEMBER vs. REMIND
REMEMBER + GERUND = You remember someone or something from a time in the past (memory)
I remember playing there when I was little.
Hello, do you remember me?
REMEMBER + INFINITIVE = You also remember information or things that you must do (obligation)
We must remember to close that window.
Did you remember to lock the door?
REMIND + S.O + INFINITIVE/ REMIND + S.O + THAT CLAUSE
= You remind someone about something when you tell them to remember it
Remind me to call Kim tomorrow.
Thomas reminded us that Dad was still waiting.
REMIND S.O OF S.O ELSE/S.T= If something or someone reminds you of a person or thing, they make you think of them because they are similar
Being on the farm reminded me of my childhood.
She reminds me of my first girlfriend.!!
REMIND ONESELF OF S.T = You can remind yourself of something, but you cannot remember yourself of something
I reminded myself of my promise.
He remembered his promise (NOT He remembered him/himself (of) his promise).
UppInt A: COULD Explanation
An extension of what we briefly discussed in class today...
COULD/COULDN'T
(+) = affirmative (-) = negative (1) = specific one time ability (+1) = general past ability
-use COULD (+) /COULDN'T (-) to express ability in the past
- was able to = could
- was able to = could
When I was young, I
could play tennis very well. (+) (+1)
(When I was young, I
was able to play tennis very well.) (+)(+1)
She could read when
she was four. (+)(+1)
(She was able to read
when she was four.) (+)(+1)
*COULD is
not used when we want to say somebody did something one time (expressing a fulfilled ability (+) on one particular occasion (1)). Instead, we use: was/were able to, manage to (implied difficulty), succeed in (implied difficulty/more formal)
Instead use: How many slices of pizzas were
you able to eat? (+)(1)
OR How many slices of pizza did you manage to eat? (+)(1)
OR How many slices of pizza did you succeed in eating? (+)(1)
**But, we
can use the negative couldn’t to say
that something did not happen (-) on one occasion (1)
I
couldn’t go to the concert yesterday because I was busy. (-) (1)
He
couldn’t find her house. (-) (1)
***Exception to this rule: with verbs of perception/senses and thinking, we can use COULD for (+) and (1)
OK I could smell burning (+) (1)
OK We could understand her feelings. (+) (1)
In conclusion, before you use COULD, think about.. is the sentence affirmative/positive (+) and is the sentence about a specific one time event (1)? If the answer is YES to both of these factors then you can't use COULD
USES OF COULD EXPLANATION + EXERCISES
http://www.englishpage.com/modals/could.html
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
UppInt A: Collocations
Some of the most common types are: (From http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm)
- Adverb + Adjective: completely satisfied (NOT
downrightsatisfied) - Adjective + Noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating
joy) - Noun + Noun: a surge of anger (NOT a
rushof anger) - Noun + Verb: lions roar (NOT lions
shout) - Verb + Noun: commit suicide (NOT
undertakesuicide) - Verb + Expression With Preposition: burst into tears (NOT
blow up intears) - Verb + Adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave
feverishly)
http://esl.about.com/od/engilshvocabulary/a/collocations.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm
http://www.recitfga.qc.ca/English/activities/vocabularypower3.asp#colloc
Thursday, June 28, 2012
Tuesday, June 26, 2012
INT C/D: Conditionals
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.html
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-an-introduction.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/conditionsum.html
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-an-introduction.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/conditionsum.html
CONDITIONALS
|
|||
Meaning of the “If clause”
|
Verb Form in the “If clause”
|
Verb Form in the “Result Clause”
|
Examples
|
Zero Conditional (FACTUAL): Always true in the present
|
Simple present
|
Simple present
|
If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week.
|
1st Conditional (FUTURE): True in the future
|
Simple present
|
Will/be going to
|
If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents.
|
2nd Conditional (HYPOTHETICAL): Untrue in the
present/future
|
Simple past
|
Would + base form
|
If I had enough time now, I would write to my parents.
|
3rd Conditional (HYPOTHETICAL IN THE PAST):
Untrue in the past
|
Past perfect
|
Would have + past
participle
|
If I had had enough time, I would have written to my parents
yesterday.
|
Wednesday, June 20, 2012
Wednesday, June 13, 2012
Tuesday, June 12, 2012
SAY vs. TELL
SAY/TELL
TELL(command or inform): is followed immediately by a
pro(noun) object and then by a noun clause.
Ann told me (that) she was hungry.[1]
X Ann told that she was
hungry.[2]
X Ann told to me that
she was hungry
SAY is followed
immediately by a noun clause, usually used without
a personal object.
Ann said (that)
she was hungry.
Ann said to me (that) she was hungry. X Ann said me (that) she
was hungry [3]
[1] When the listener
is mentioned, it is preferable to use TELL
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)